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Applied Physics A

, Volume 119, Issue 3, pp 929–936 | Cite as

Statistical optimization of synthesis procedure and characterization of europium (III) molybdate nano-plates

  • Seied Mahdi Pourmortazavi
  • Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
  • Yousef Fazli
  • Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Europium (III) molybdate nano-plates were synthesized in this work via chemical precipitation route involving adding of europium (III) ion solution to the aqueous solution of molybdate reagent. Effects of some reaction variables such as concentrations of europium and molybdate ions, flow rate of europium reagent, and reactor temperature on the diameter of the synthesized europium (III) molybdate nano-plates were experimentally investigated by orthogonal array design. The results showed that the size of europium (III) molybdate nano-plates can be optimized by adjusting the concentrations of europium (III) and molybdate ions, as well as the reactional temperature. Europium (III) molybdate nano-plates prepared under the optimum conditions were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Keywords

Molybdate Sodium Molybdate Orthogonal Array Design Taguchi Experiment Design Scanning Electron Microscopy Instrument 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

1 Introduction

Metal molybdate salts are important inorganic materials with a substantial potential for applications in different fields, i.e., electronic, optical fibers, catalysts, scintillators, and magnets [1, 2, 3, 4]. These compounds are adopted to generate the novel molecular light conversion devices [5] with the ability for processing and high thermal stability in comparison with the traditionally utilized lanthanide complexes [6]. These compounds also have an efficient red-light emission due to the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.

Eu3+, as a rare earth ion, has extensively been utilized as an active ion in the red phosphor components because of following reasons: (a) The specific emission bands occurred in the red region at ~613 nm, and (b) Eu3+ might be utilized as the probe for detection of the crystal symmetry. These phenomena create the possibility of using Eu3+ as effective luminescent centers [7, 8]. Eu3+ ion also has the advantage of possessing non-degenerate ground along with the emitting states and the fact that transition at 5D0 → 7F0 provides valuable information about the presence of impurity or probable occupation of more than one site symmetry by this cation [9, 10, 11, 12]. The main purpose of the present study was optimizing of the so-called direct precipitation procedure to produce europium(III) molybdate nano-plates with controlled composition and morphological characteristics.

2 Materials and methods

Analytical grade sodium molybdate dihydrate (assay 98–103 %, precipitative titration, calculated on dry substance) and europium (III) chloride hexahydrate (assay 99.99 %, trace metals basis) were used as received from Merck (Germany) and Sigma-Aldrich (Germany), respectively. Ultrafine plates of europium (III) molybdate were prepared by addition of aqueous solution of Eu3+ at various concentrations and different flow rates to the molybdate aqueous solution under vigorous stirring and at various temperatures of the reactor. After complete mixing of the reagents in the reactor, the precipitated europium (III) molybdate was filtered and washed with distilled water three times in order to remove the remained soluble ions from the surface of formed particles. Next, the obtained precipitate was washed with absolute ethanol and dried at 80 °C for 4 h. The experimental parameters for the synthesis of europium (III) molybdate nano-plates were studied through the Taguchi design using an OA9 orthogonal array design as detailed in Table 1.
Table 1

OA9 (34) matrix for parameter optimization in the synthesis of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates via direct precipitation reaction and mean diameter of the produced Eu2(MoO4)3

Trial number

Eu3+ concentration (M)

MoO4 2− concentration (M)

Eu3+ flow rate (ml/min)

Temperature (°C)

Average thicknessa (nm)

1

0.005

0.005

2.5

0

31

2

0.005

0.01

10.0

30

42

3

0.005

0.1

40.0

60

47

4

0.01

0.005

10.0

60

70

5

0.01

0.01

40.0

0

60

6

0.01

0.1

2.5

30

49

7

0.1

0.005

40.0

30

34

8

0.1

0.01

2.5

60

63

9

0.1

0.1

10.0

0

31

aAverage thickness of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates (nm)

The resulted europium (III) molybdate samples were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the corresponding instrument (Philips XL30 series). The product particles were coated on a golden film in order to load of the dried particles onto the SEM instrument. A sputter coater system, model SCD005 produced by BAL-TEC (Switzerland), was utilized for the preparation of the golden films. The synthesized molybdate sample was analyzed through the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) on a diffractometer (Rigaku D/max 2500 V) equipped with a Cu target and a graphite monochromator. Also, the prepared compound was characterized with the FT-IR spectroscopy by an IR spectrophotometer (Bruck Equinox 55) utilizing the KBr pellet technique. Fluorescence behavior of the product was measured on a Beckman (LS-45) spectrofluorometer utilizing a 150-W xenon lamp as the excitation source.

Thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) studies of the synthesized europium (III) molybdate nanoparticles were performed on a coupled thermobalance with a differential scanning calorimeter. A mass about 5 mg of the prepared europium (III) molybdate and reference (Pt foil) were placed in alumina pans and heated at the temperature range of 30–1000 °C with the rate of 10 °C/min, while the flow rate of the purge gas (N2) at 1 bar was 50 mL/min.

3 Results and discussion

Simultaneous optimization techniques planned the experiments as predetermined arrays. Then, the experimental results are collected, and the optimum conditions are identified by constructing a response surface or by retention mapping [13]. The number of the required experimental trials progressively increases by raising the number of variables. The numerous trials can be minimized by applying statistical optimization methods (i.e., Taguchi robust design) [13, 14, 15, 16, 17].

Reacting aqueous anion and cation solutions, which gives a water-insoluble inorganic salt such as Eu2(MoO4)3, is a convenient method for the synthesis [18]. Tuning the morphology of a precipitated compound is a complicated process. However, investigating and optimizing the effects of various parameters on particle size of Eu2(MoO4)3 with the aid of statistical method could be a shortcut [19, 20, 21]. In this study, the influences of different process parameters, i.e., concentrations of Eu3+ and MoO4 2− aqueous solutions, Eu3+ ion solution to the MoO4 2− ion solution flow rates, and the temperature of the reactor on the diameter of the synthesized europium (III) molybdate plates were investigated. These parameters were studied at three different levels as reported in Table 1. The SEM images corresponding to four Eu2(MoO4)3 samples synthesized at various conditions of this table are presented in Fig. 1. Furthermore, the average particle size of product obtained in each of experiments is given in the last column of Table 1. Considering this column confirms that the thickness of europium (III) molybdate plates is depending on the operating conditions. The average thickness of europium (III) molybdate plates correspond to the effect of each parameter under any level was computed [22, 23, 24, 25, 26], and the results are shown in Fig. 2. The curves presented in this figure reveal how the level of the parameters affects on the thickness of Eu2(MoO4)3 plates. In this study, the effect of Eu3+ and MoO4 2− solutions concentrations as two experimental parameters on the thickness of the precipitated Eu2(MoO4)3 plates at three different levels (0.005, 0.01, and 0.1 mol/L) was studied. Figure 2a shows that concentrations of 0.005 and 0.1 M are optimum for Eu3+ and MoO4 2− solutions for the synthesis Eu2(MoO4)3 plates with minimum thickness, respectively. Meanwhile, the effect of different Eu3+ flow rates into the reactor (2.5, 10, and 40 ml/min) on the particle size of Eu2(MoO4)3 was examined. As seen in Fig. 2b, 2.5 mL/min as flow rate was found to be the best for precipitation of Eu2(MoO4)3 ultrafine plates. Another variable which was studied in this work was the temperature of the reactor, and the effect of which at three different levels of 0, 30, and 60 °C was studied. Our findings showed 0 °C to be the optimum temperature for the formation of Eu2(MoO4)3 precipitates of minimum particle size (Fig. 2c).
Fig. 1

SEM images of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates synthesized via chemical precipitation at different runs of Table 1: a run 2, b run 4, c run 8, and d under the proposed optimum conditions

Fig. 2

Average particle size of Eu2(MoO4)3 corresponding to the effect of each variable at various levels

Table 2 presents the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed for determining the significance of the studied parameters. Considering a 90 % confidence interval for ANOVA, the results revealed that except for the flow rate of the feed, all other studied variables (i.e., Eu3+ and MoO4 2− solution concentrations and the temperature of the reactor) have significant influence on the determination of the particle size of the precipitated Eu2(MoO4)3. In this investigation, interactions of the variables were not considered. Based on the average thickness of the product synthesized at various conditions and the results of ANOVA, it could be proposed that the optimum conditions for preparation of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates through chemical precipitation is as follows: 0.005 mol/L for the concentration of europium (III) aqueous solution, 0.1 mol/L for the concentration of the molybdate ion in the aqueous solution, and 0 °C for the reactor temperature. In the Taguchi experiment design [27, 28, 29, 30], the thickness of the synthesized Eu2(MoO4)3 plates at the optimum conditions of the proposed chemical precipitation reaction can be estimated as follows:
$$Y_{\text{opt}} = \frac{T}{N} + \left( {C_{x} - \frac{T}{N}\,} \right) + \left( {C_{y} - \frac{T}{N}} \right) + \left( {T_{z} - \frac{T}{N}} \right)$$
where “T/N” is the average thickness of Eu2(MoO4)3 plates by all of nine experiments, T is the summation of all particle size results, N is the number of experiments, Yopt is the particle size predicted for europium (III) molybdate prepared under the optimum synthesis conditions, C X , C Y , and T Z are the contribution of Eu3+ concentration, MoO4 2− concentration and temperature at their optimum levels, respectively. The confidence interval (CI) for the estimated size of europium (III) molybdate plates under the optimum conditions could be obtained by [31, 32]:
$${\text{CI}} = \pm \sqrt {\frac{{F_{\alpha } (f_{1} ,f_{2} )V_{\text{e}} }}{{n_{\text{e}} }}}$$
where V e is the variance of the error term, F α(f 1,f 2) is the variance ratio for the degree of freedom (DOF), f 1 and f 2 are determined at the level of significance α (here, α = 90 %), f 1 = DOF of the mean (which always equals 1), f 2 = DOF for the error term, n e = number of equivalent replications and given by n e = number of carried out experiments/(DOF of the mean (always one) + total DOF of all parameters used in the prediction). Calculations showed that the particle size of Eu2(MoO4)3 at the optimum conditions was approximately 28 ± 2 nm.
Table 2

ANOVA results for the synthesis of Eu2(MoO4)3 plates via precipitation procedure using OA9 (34) matrix, while the diameters of the synthesized Eu2(MoO4)3 plates (nm) are the responses

Factor

Code

DOF

S

V

DOF

Pooled

S′

F′

P′

Eu3+ concentration (mol/L)

Eu

2

682.9

341.4

2

682.9

767.6

41.0

MoO4 2− concentration (mol/L)

MoO4

2

267.6

133.3

2

267.5

300.8

16.1

Flow rate (ml/min)

F

2

0.9

0.4

–

–

–

–

Temperature (°C)

T

2

710.9

355.4

2

355.4

799.1

42.7

Error

E

–

–

–

2

0.9

–

3.8

3.1 Characterization of the europium (III) molybdate nanoparticles

After the optimization of the reaction parameters, the europium (III) molybdate nano-plates were synthesized under the optimum conditions given by ANOVA (0.005 mol/L concentration of europium (III) solution, 0.1 mol/L concentration of molybdate in aqueous solution and 0 °C as the reactor temperature). The resulting europium (III) molybdate nano-plates obtained under these optimum conditions were characterized by SEM for the definition of their morphology. The SEM images confirmed that europium (III) molybdate plates precipitated under the optimum conditions have an average size of about 26 nm (Fig. 1d). In the next step, the synthesized europium (III) molybdate nano-plates prepared under the optimum conditions were used for further chemical characterizations with the aid of XRD, FT-IR, TG/DSC, and PL techniques.

As seen in Fig. 3, Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plate sample synthesized at optimum conditions was characterized through the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The XRD patterns for the nano-plates prepared under the optimum conditions sample before and after annealing are seen in the figure. The sample before annealing was amorphous, while the indexed diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern of the annealed sample were totally consistent with a hydrated structure for the europium (III) molybdate acquired from PC-APD diffraction software (No. 00-028-0417).
Fig. 3

XRD pattern of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates prepared by precipitation method at optimum conditions a before and b after annealing at 700 °C

FT-IR spectra of the product were also obtained to identify the presence of functional groups in the synthesized sample. Figure 4 presents the FT-IR spectra of the synthesized Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates before and after annealing at various temperatures. As it is evident from Fig. 4a, the sample shows three wide absorption peaks at about 831.3, 1627.5, and 3369.4 cm−1 before annealing. Heating the sample at 400 °C led to the appearance of several split absorption peaks at 927.3, 901.0, 858.2, 790.3, 713.3, and 460.4 cm−1 corresponding to the tetragonal phase of Eu2(MoO4)3. This is indicative of the transformation of some of the sample from amorphous to crystalline form due to annealing at 400 °C. Annealing the sample at higher temperatures (700 °C) was found to improve the intensity of the Mo–O bond in the spectra due to the increased crystallinity [8, 33, 34].
Fig. 4

The FT-IR spectra of the sample prepared under the optimum conditions a before annealing, b after annealing at 400 °C, c after annealing at 700 °C

TG/DSC curves of the europium (III) molybdate nano-plates are presented in Fig. 5. The TG curve showed some mass loss (Δm1 = 15 %) in the temperature range of 50–200 °C due to the release of the surface-adsorbed moisture and gases. The mass loss continued to above 250 °C and as high as about 350 °C with a smaller weight loss (Δm2 = 7 %), due to the releasing of the water trapped in the crystalline structure of the sample. Above 500 °C, the sample was thermally stable and no mass loss was observed in the temperature range of 350–900 °C. On the other hand, DSC curves of the sample showed an exothermic peak with loss in the sample mass at 150 °C and as well as an endothermic event at 570 °C with no mass loss. The recent peak was associated with transition in the phase of the sample [35].
Fig. 5

The TG/DSC curves of Eu2(MoO4)3 nano-plates; sample mass 5.0 mg; heating rate 10 °C min−1; under nitrogen atmosphere

The photoluminescence spectrum (PL) corresponds to the Eu2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles, prepared at the optimal conditions, was recorded at an excitation wavelength of 290 nm. Figure 6 displays the resulted emission spectrum for the sample which exhibits a feature composed of the characteristic emission lines of Eu3+ corresponding to 5D0–7FJ (J = 0, 1, 2, 3). The observed pattern was in the agreement with the previous reports [1, 5, 36].
Fig. 6

Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum (at an excitation wavelength of 290 nm) for Eu2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles prepared at optimum condition of synthesis

4 Conclusion

The study revealed a successful method for the synthesis of Eu2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles through chemical precipitation reaction as a rapid, facile, and cost-effective method not requiring the application of any templates, surfactants, or catalysts. The main parameters of the synthesis procedure were optimized by Taguchi statistical experimental design. Chemical composition and microstructure of the synthesized Eu2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles under the optimum conditions were investigated through various techniques, i.e., SEM, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Faculty of Material and Manufacturing TechnologiesMalek Ashtar University of TechnologyTehranIran
  2. 2.Nano Science CenterImam Hossein UniversityTehranIran
  3. 3.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArakIran
  4. 4.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of MedicineSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran

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